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Achievements - Directory of Research - OCTOBER 2003
Composted manure heals former wellsites
Both the oil and gas and agricultural industries stand to benefit from a study on oil wellsite reclamation by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada researchers in Lethbridge, Alberta and Swift Current, Saskatchewan. The results of their study, in collaboration with PanCanadian Energy Resources, show that composted manure is a valuable tool for healing land disturbed by oil and gas wells.
As inefficient oil and gas wells close down, about 40,000 hectares of Alberta wellsite land is available for reclamation each year. Before a site can be turned over to farmers or other land users, it must be "healed" with new topsoil to specific levels of original depth. Rehabilitating older sites can be difficult because there is little topsoil available, but the scientists have discovered that composted manure can be used to supplement existing topsoil and restore land productivity. Farmers on eroded land could also benefit from the scientists' efforts. The livestock industry is expanding in western Canada, and growing with it is the environmental pressure of manure disposal. This research promises to reduce the problem by recycling it.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Richard Butts, Science Director
Potato Research Centre
850 Lincoln Road
P.O. Box 20280
Fredericton, New Brunswick
E3B 4Z7
Tel: (506) 452-3260
Fax: (506) 452-3316
e-mail: butts@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/fredericton/index_e.htm
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Fertilizing with composted kitchen scraps
Communities across the country are now operating recycling programs as an alternative to disposing garbage at the dump. In the near future, both commercial growers and organic farmers may be fertilizing their crops with composted kitchen scraps. First, more needs to be known about how crops will perform on land receiving the solid waste compost from recycling programs.
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada scientists in Nappan, Truro, and Kentville, Nova Scotia, and researchers from the Nova Scotia Agricultural College have been involved in the largest composting experiments in Canada to see how grain, potatoes, corn, and squash perform in soils treated with this compost versus manure and fertilizer applications. Their experiments under the National Agricultural Composting Trials have been the most extensive evaluations under way on solid waste compost for application to agricultural land. Findings to date show that compost and manure applications can increase grain yields and improve soil organic matter without hurting the environment or affecting food safety.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Richard Butts, Science Director
Potato Research Centre
850 Lincoln Road
P.O. Box 20280
Fredericton, New Brunswick
E3B 4Z7
Tel: (506) 452-3260
Fax: (506) 452-3316
e-mail: butts@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/fredericton/index_e.htm
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Bean growers get new risk management tool
Scientists in Manitoba have combined a spray advisory model with information on soil moisture and plant growth stage to predict when white mould disease is likely to break out. Caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, white mould is the most serious disease of field beans in western Canada, costing producers millions of dollars each year.
Applying crop protection products based on environmental conditions and plant growth stages will make it possible for bean growers to use fungicides more judiciously and to time fungicide applications more effectively. The next step is to develop a sclerotinia risk map for bean producers to forecast when their fields are at high risk for development of white mould. Such practices are integral to an environmentally and economically sustainable strategy for managing the disease.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Gary Whitfield, Science Director
Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre
2585 Highway 20 E.
Harrow, Ontario
N0R 1G0
Tel: (519) 738-2251
Fax: (519) 738-3756
e-mail: whitfieldg@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/harrow/index_e.htm
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Test helps lower pesticide use
A new test from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada researchers can spot diseased tomato and pepper seeds before they get planted in the field, thereby reducing the need to spray tomato and pepper fields with bactericide later on in the season. An advanced method of screening seed lots for the presence of bacterial pathogens (polymerised chain reaction or PCR-based method) is sensitive enough to detect one bacterium in a 20,000-seed sample.
Currently, Canadian growers rely solely on copper-based bactericides to control bacterial diseases of field tomatoes and peppers. This usage could be reduced substantially if the primary sources of inoculum for these diseases were eliminated.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Gary Whitfield, Science Director
Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre
2585 Highway 20 E.
Harrow, Ontario
N0R 1G0
Tel: (519) 738-2251
Fax: (519) 738-3756
e-mail: whitfieldg@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/harrow/index_e.htm
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Scientists put the freeze on nematodes
Horticulture researchers have got some chilling news for nematode plant pests. They've found that flooding fields in the fall with water makes the nematodes succumb to the deep freeze that follows in the winter.
On another front, scientists have been working on plant rotations to solve the nematode problem. For instance, using millet instead of oats or rye in potato and corn rotations reduces the populations of root lesion nematodes. An added benefit is improved soil structure when the millet is plowed in.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Gary Whitfield, Science Director
Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre
2585 Highway 20 E.
Harrow, Ontario
N0R 1G0
Tel: (519) 738-2251
Fax: (519) 738-3756
e-mail: whitfieldg@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/harrow/index_e.htm
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Wireworms undergo biological control
Researchers in British Columbia have discovered an isolate of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae that is pathogenic to wireworms, a major pest of many Canadian agricultural crops including potatoes and strawberries. Chemical control methods for wireworms have been linked to waterfowl and raptor poisonings, and are now nearly non-existent in British Columbia due to their withdrawal from the market.
Early tests of the fungus show a 20% reduction in wireworm populations in the field, with close to a 100% mortality in the laboratory. Development of this fungus as a biological control will provide growers with an environmentally safe and effective means of controlling wireworms and increase opportunities for organic production.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Gary Whitfield, Science Director
Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre
2585 Highway 20 E.
Harrow, Ontario
N0R 1G0
Tel: (519) 738-2251
Fax: (519) 738-3756
e-mail: whitfieldg@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/harrow/index_e.htm
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X-rays spot insects in stored grain
Stored grain researchers in Winnipeg, Manitoba, with colleagues at the University of Manitoba, fine-tuned an efficient way to detect infestations at various stages of the insect's development. The researchers use soft x-rays (low voltage, real time fluoroscope enclosed in a bench top steel safety box) that reveal bugs feeding on the inside of the kernel. These pests typically go undetected and cannot be easily removed by sieving.
Infestations were detected by the x-rays with accuracies of up to 98%. It was even possible to differentiate between live and dead insects. This technology could benefit the baking industry, since insects in stored wheat affect the chemical characteristics and baking qualities of wheat flour and insect-infested flours are unacceptable in the baking industry for aesthetic reasons and consequent health concerns to the consumers.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Gary Whitfield, Science Director
Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre
2585 Highway 20 E.
Harrow, Ontario
N0R 1G0
Tel: (519) 738-2251
Fax: (519) 738-3756
e-mail: whitfieldg@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/harrow/index_e.htm
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Team puts food-borne viruses under scrutiny
A team of specialists from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency is taking a good, hard look at food virology. Up and running for a year now, the researchers are using molecular genetics to detect food-borne viruses and purify them from different foods.
So far, the team has been able to use molecular techniques to detect viruses such as Hepatitis A, Rotavirus and Norwalk. The next step is to develop efficient extraction and recovery methods of viruses in samples taken from different agri-food products.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Frances Nattress, Science Director
Lacombe Research Centre
6000 C & E Trail
Lacombe, Alberta
T4L 1W1
Tel: (403) 782-8100
Fax: (403) 782-6120
e-mail: nattressf@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res.agr.ca/lacombe/index_e.htm
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DNA test helps spot food poisoning bacteria
A technology developed by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's food labs in Summerland, British Columbia and Ottawa, Ontario will show whether ground beef has been contaminated with the pathogenic strain of E. coli. The technique uses DNA arrays and can distinguish between different strains of the same bacteria, a boon when dealing with the extended E. coli family.
The technology offers a significant time advantage over conventional testing for food-borne pathogens that can take several days. The rapid detection and identification of potentially harmful bacteria helps reduce the risks associated with pathogenic microorganisms.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Frances Nattress, Science Director
Lacombe Research Centre
6000 C & E Trail
Lacombe, Alberta
T4L 1W1
Tel: (403) 782-8100
Fax: (403) 782-6120
e-mail: nattressf@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res.agr.ca/lacombe/index_e.htm
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Plant product shows promise as antimicrobial agent
A type of compound found in all plants could be conscripted in the fight against some food-borne pathogens. Scientists at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's labs in Summerland, British Columbia, are examining the antimicrobial role of the compounds, known as phenolics, against Listeria monocytogenes.
Phenolics such as caffeic and cinnamic acids have been shown to inhibit and even kill off the listeria bacteria at the right concentrations. A more complete understanding of the anti-microbial activity of phenolics could lead to applications in some food products as natural preservatives.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Frances Nattress, Science Director
Lacombe Research Centre
6000 C & E Trail
Lacombe, Alberta
T4L 1W1
Tel: (403) 782-8100
Fax: (403) 782-6120
e-mail: nattressf@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res.agr.ca/lacombe/index_e.htm
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Scientists seek point of beef contamination by E. coli
Somewhere between pasture and plate, beef can become contaminated with a nasty strain of E. coli. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada scientists in Lacombe, Alberta, are working with the University of Alberta and a private packing house to identify and trace the bacteria throughout the production cycle that ultimately ends with ground beef.
Knowledge gained from this study helps in the development of methods to minimize contamination. It may also lead to sanitation processes that could be used at the most important points of potential bacterial contamination during beef processing.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Frances Nattress, Science Director
Lacombe Research Centre
6000 C & E Trail
Lacombe, Alberta
T4L 1W1
Tel: (403) 782-8100
Fax: (403) 782-6120
e-mail: nattressf@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res.agr.ca/lacombe/index_e.htm
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New tool will help keep bacteria at bay
A new scientific tool developed and patented by researchers at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada researchers in Guelph, Ontario, will help ensure food products are free of bacteria like E. coli and salmonella. The rotary thermocycler, resembling a multi-disc CD player, is used to detect and count bacteria, test for bacterial contaminants in water and count microbes in soil.
Researchers are hoping the system will allow for cell counts of specific bacteria to be obtained routinely in two hours, even if other bacteria are present in the same sample. The technology is expected to have applications wherever there is a need for quick and accurate screening, including agricultural and microbial research, the food industry, human and veterinary medicine and environmental risk analyses.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Frances Nattress, Science Director
Lacombe Research Centre
6000 C & E Trail
Lacombe, Alberta
T4L 1W1
Tel: (403) 782-8100
Fax: (403) 782-6120
e-mail: nattressf@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res.agr.ca/lacombe/index_e.htm
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Collaborative effort takes aim at vomitoxin
It could be a humble microorganism that ends up bringing the aptly named vomitoxin to its knees. A coalition of scientists from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the University of Guelph and the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture is studying potential microbial candidates that would produce enzymes that transform the naturally occurring fungal toxin into more benign byproducts.
The identified microorganisms will then be used in animal feeds to prevent symptoms of toxicity in livestock: reduction of feed intake, which consequently leads to a low rate of weight gain; and vomiting, which occurs at levels of the toxin greater than 5 parts per million (ppm). The enzymes identified may also be used to detoxify contaminants in agricultural products destined for human consumption.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Frances Nattress, Science Director
Lacombe Research Centre
6000 C & E Trail
Lacombe, Alberta
T4L 1W1
Tel: (403) 782-8100
Fax: (403) 782-6120
e-mail: nattressf@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res.agr.ca/lacombe/index_e.htm
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Even the most finicky children can't seem to resist snacking on a freshly sliced apple. If only they could be available year round while maintaining that "just from the orchard" flavour and crispness.
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada research has found many of the most popular varieties can be used for such a product. Tests with consumers showed slices packaged in re-sealable bags could be held for up to 10 days under home refrigerator conditions. In another trial, children in a daycare each consumed the equivalent of about eight slices when offered them as a healthy snack. Commercial availability of packaged, fresh-cut apple slices could potentially increase apple consumption among consumers.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Christian Toupin, Science Director
Food Research and Development Centre
3600 Casavant Boulevard
Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec
J2S 8E3
Tel: (450) 773-1105
Fax: (450) 773-2888
e-mail: toupinc@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://sci.agr.ca/crda/index_e.htm
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New white wheats score with picky eaters
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada wheat breeders in Winnipeg, Manitoba have developed a new white-seeded version of Canada's flagship bread wheat, Canada Western Hard Red Spring. The new hard white spring wheat produces a lighter, whiter bread that maintains the nutritional advantages of whole-wheat flour, and could contribute up to $2 billion annually to Canada's agri-food exports. But the real test will be consumer acceptance.
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's cereal quality researchers, in partnership with the University of Manitoba and the Canadian International Grains Institute, took their product evaluation show on the road. They carried out sensory evaluations of white wheat products with consumer panels in Manitoba and Northern California. One of the toughest panels to join the study was a group of 6 to 11-year-olds in Davis, California. After tasting both types of whole wheat bread, kids preferred the taste of whole-wheat bread made from white wheat.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Christian Toupin, Science Director
Food Research and Development Centre
3600 Casavant Boulevard
Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec
J2S 8E3
Tel: (450) 773-1105
Fax: (450) 773-2888
e-mail: toupinc@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://sci.agr.ca/crda/index_e.htm
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Peachy idea gives fruit longer shelf life
As people look to get more fruits and vegetables in their diet, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada scientists are searching for safe and effective treatments for extending the shelf life of peaches so consumers can enjoy these seasonal delicacies longer. Most postharvest losses are caused by fungal infections like Monilinia fructicola.
But many microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts and fungi, are also used to preserve fruit, meat, vegetables and dairy products, and have the potential to reduce fresh fruit decay. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada researchers, supported by the Ontario Agricultural Adapation Council and the Ontario Tender Fruit Producers' Marketing Board, found beneficial microbes that potentially may be developed commercially for postharvest treatment of peach decay.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Christian Toupin, Science Director
Food Research and Development Centre
3600 Casavant Boulevard
Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec
J2S 8E3
Tel: (450) 773-1105
Fax: (450) 773-2888
e-mail: toupinc@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://sci.agr.ca/crda/index_e.htm
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It's a familiar site, from the corner grocer to the largest supermarket: shoppers sorting through fresh produce searching for the best looking fruits and vegetables. Appearance is a very important part of consumer acceptance and colour is often used as an indicator of food quality.
Using a digital camera and image capture/analysis software, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada researchers investigated the correlation of colour changes and consumer acceptance of minimally processed lettuce. Their aim was to develop an objective, efficient method of grading and quantifying the quality of aging lettuce. Results show the use of digital image analysis is consistent and reliable.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Christian Toupin, Science Director
Food Research and Development Centre
3600 Casavant Boulevard
Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec
J2S 8E3
Tel: (450) 773-1105
Fax: (450) 773-2888
e-mail: toupinc@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://sci.agr.ca/crda/index_e.htm
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Crunchy veggies find international favour
A preservation technology from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada food researchers gives vegetables a crunchy texture and a shelf life of several months. The technique involves fermenting slightly acidulated, fresh vegetables, and boasts no artificial additives or preservatives.
The technology is now being used under licence as far away as Europe and Asia to make high-quality fermented vegetables. The process provides consumers with a safe and wholesome product that responds to demands for natural foods.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Christian Toupin, Science Director
Food Research and Development Centre
3600 Casavant Boulevard
Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec
J2S 8E3
Tel: (450) 773-1105
Fax: (450) 773-2888
e-mail: toupinc@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://sci.agr.ca/crda/index_e.htm
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New canning process saves energy, promotes health and safety
Consumers will eat better and will enjoy a healthier environment thanks to a new canning process for jars and cans. Food researchers in Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, have come up with a technology that reduces energy consumption in the canning of products containing fruit, vegetables or meat, such as sauces and soups.
The project uses acidification to safely lower the pasteurization temperature, resulting in a 30% reduction in energy use and a 17% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Above all, food quality is improved, with a crunchier texture and brighter colour, and vitamins and nutrients are preserved. This process will also take the heat off food processors by helping to reduce their production costs.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Benoit Girard, Science Director
Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre
4200 Highway 97
Summerland, British Columbia
V0H 1Z0
Tel: (250) 494-7711
Fax: (250) 494-0755
e-mail: girardb@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/parc-crapac/index_e.htm
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Two flax components are better than one
Flax is fast carving a niche for itself as a health food because its kernel contains alpha-linolenic acid, believed to have benefits such as reducing heart disease, protecting us from cancer and lowering cholesterol. The flax hull contains fibre and high levels of lignan, which is also reported to have anti-cancer effects, but when flaxseed is eaten whole, the body cannot readily absorb the nutrients trapped in its core.
To solve this problem, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada scientists in Guelph, Ontario, have invented a technology to separate the flax kernel from its hull. A Canadian-based company named Natunola Health now holds a patent on the process and has recently opened a flax de-hulling plant—the world's first—in Winchester, Ontario. The company will produce nutritionally rich products for functional food and nutraceutical markets.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Benoit Girard, Science Director
Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre
4200 Highway 97
Summerland, British Columbia
V0H 1Z0
Tel: (250) 494-7711
Fax: (250) 494-0755
e-mail: girardb@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/parc-crapac/index_e.htm
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Reusable containers go from gate to plate
An innovative transportation and storage solution for fruits and vegetables has been developed by researchers in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec. A reusable container made from recyclable plastic can be loaded directly in the field, then transported and stored in the same container until the produce is unloaded in the grocery store.
The new container keeps produce cool and undamaged as it moves from the field to the grocery store. It also increases shelf life. This project was a collaborative effort between Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada researchers and their colleagues at Laval University, the University of Florida, the Fédération des producteurs maraîchers du Québec, IPL Plastique Inc. and Provigo Distribution. The containers are now in full production in Canada and the United States and are distributed throughout North America.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Benoit Girard, Science Director
Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre
4200 Highway 97
Summerland, British Columbia
V0H 1Z0
Tel: (250) 494-7711
Fax: (250) 494-0755
e-mail: girardb@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/parc-crapac/index_e.htm
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A machine that removes excess wash water from leafy vegetables like spinach and cut lettuce has been granted a U.S. patent. Developed by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada researchers at Summerland, British Columbia, the machine uses an air vortex that lifts the freshly washed leaf off a mesh belt, spins it to throw off the water and then redeposits it on the belt before it is sealed in plastic bags.
The big advantage of the new vortex method over conventional dryers is speed—it takes only a second to remove 80% of the wash water. It's also less likely to damage the leaves and the finished product is less prone to appear dry, limp and unsightly in the package. A large-scale spinach grower, Melvin Farms of Nova Scotia, helped test the prototype.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Benoit Girard, Science Director
Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre
4200 Highway 97
Summerland, British Columbia
V0H 1Z0
Tel: (250) 494-7711
Fax: (250) 494-0755
e-mail: girardb@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/parc-crapac/index_e.htm
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Energy efficient processes make high quality mashed potatoes
A new preparation method from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada food scientists at Kentville, Nova Scotia, promises to be a big energy saver for large-scale mashed potato production. Current industrial practices for the production of mashed or dehydrated potatoes call for a three-step water process that's both energy and equipment intensive.
Researchers have shown that processing of potatoes into a frozen or refrigerated mashed product using a single-step steam process can reduce energy use by up to two thirds compared with the conventional three-step water process. And consumer panels rated the steam processed products superior to the water processed product on the basis of appearance, flavour, texture and overall quality. The research was conducted in collaboration with ABCO Industries Limited of Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Benoit Girard, Science Director
Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre
4200 Highway 97
Summerland, British Columbia
V0H 1Z0
Tel: (250) 494-7711
Fax: (250) 494-0755
e-mail: girardb@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/parc-crapac/index_e.htm
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Kefir is loaded with beneficial microorganisms
Scientists are coming closer to understanding the bioactive roles of the various live cultures contained in kefir, a fermented milk product that's growing in popularity. Kefir has great potential as a probiotic, providing beneficial bacteria for humans, but its complex biochemical composition has made it difficult to unravel.
Researchers are isolating the various yeasts and bacteria, and determining their role in producing bioactive components such as kefiran, which may have anti-cancer properties. They've also conducted tests to see what kefir's effect is on human metabolism, and are now studying how its protein fractions affect the human immune system.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Puni Piyasena, Science Director
Food Research Program
93 Stone Road W.
Guelph, Ontario
NIG 5C9
Tel: (519) 829-2400
Fax: (519) 829-2602
e-mail: piyasenap@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.gc.ca/guelph/index_e.htm
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Mock stomach is model research tool
Agriculture and Agri-Food researchers have constructed a model of the upper gastrointestinal tract to overcome the difficulties associated with studying digestion in humans. The model can be used to select new potential probiotic bacteria and follow the breakdown of various components in food. It can also test encapsulation and coating processes used in the food industry to protect ingredients and to study food matrix—active ingredient interactions.
After determining that the model does indeed simulate the actual conditions found in the human stomach and small intestine, researchers have developed a test
For further information, contact:
Dr. Puni Piyasena, Science Director
Food Research Program
93 Stone Road W.
Guelph, Ontario
NIG 5C9
Tel: (519) 829-2400
Fax: (519) 829-2602
e-mail: piyasenap@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.gc.ca/guelph/index_e.htm
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Oat bran extract good for the heart
People with high cholesterol levels can lower them with an oat beta-glucan extract called Oatrim, used as a fat substitute, but there were concerns that cooking might reduce its effectiveness. A study by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada food researchers found, however, that heat processing and cooking oat bran muffins actually increase beta-glucan levels.
Studies are continuing to learn how food form, processing and storage might affect beta-glucan, so that scientists can better understand its properties and evaluate its health benefits. Greater understanding of the physiochemical properties of beta-glucan will ultimately lead to the development of healthful foods.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Puni Piyasena, Science Director
Food Research Program
93 Stone Road W.
Guelph, Ontario
NIG 5C9
Tel: (519) 829-2400
Fax: (519) 829-2602
e-mail: piyasenap@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.gc.ca/guelph/index_e.htm
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Two City of Saskatoon buses are running cleaner, thanks to a collaborative team effort from that city's bioproducts cluster, including scientists from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. The team developed a canola methyl ester that acts as a fuel supplement to increase mileage, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and engine wear.
The buses are part of a unique project which will use 5% canola methyl ester to supplement the diesel that the buses normally use for fuel. The "Biobuses" are being promoted as a "Breath of Fresh Air" by City of Saskatoon Transit Services, and have been in operation since September 15, 2002. The program will run for two years, during which the bus engines are tested for wear and other operational characteristics.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Gilles Saindon, Science Director
Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre
1391 Sandford Street
London, Ontario
N5V 4T3
Tel: (519) 457-1470
Fax: (519) 457-3997
e-mail: saindong@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/london/index_e.htm
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Raspberry seeds drilled for oil
Known mostly as those pesky bits that get stuck between the teeth, raspberry seeds have a shot at rehab following a study by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada scientists in Summerland, British Columbia. They investigated the chemical and physical properties of oil extracted from raspberry seed because of its possible nutraceutical effects.
Characteristics of raspberry seed oil indicate potential uses in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other non-food industries. As a result of this research, a small company in British Columbia's lower mainland has started to produce cold-pressed raspberry seed oil intended for the cosmetic industry.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Gilles Saindon, Science Director
Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre
1391 Sandford Street
London, Ontario
N5V 4T3
Tel: (519) 457-1470
Fax: (519) 457-3997
e-mail: saindong@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/london/index_e.htm
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Natural fungus targets dandelion
Weed scientists in Saskatoon have discovered an indigenous fungal species that controls dandelions and several other broadleaf weed species in turf grass when applied before weeds emerge. This naturally occurring weed control product may provide a new option for weed control in instances where there is risk of exposure to vulnerable groups of people or possible environmental harm.
Field studies show that dandelions may be controlled up to 95% and chickweed up to 80% throughout the growing season. Negotiations are under way to collaborate on additional research that will lead to development of the fungus as a viable commercial product.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Gilles Saindon, Science Director
Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre
1391 Sandford Street
London, Ontario
N5V 4T3
Tel: (519) 457-1470
Fax: (519) 457-3997
e-mail: saindong@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/london/index_e.htm
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Scientists in London, Ontario, succeeded in growing tobacco plants that contain a protein for treatment of the swine disease, pork parvovirus. In conjunction with the Veterinary Infectious Disease Organisation (VIDO), London scientists have shown the animals will consume the leaves as an oral vaccine.
Molecular farming is the production of valuable pharmaceutical or industrial proteins in agricultural crop plants, animals or cell cultures. The male-sterile, low-nicotine tobacco plant is ideal as a bioreactor because it is easily contained in an agricultural setting, flowering is not required and there are no close wild relatives.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Gilles Saindon, Science Director
Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre
1391 Sandford Street
London, Ontario
N5V 4T3
Tel: (519) 457-1470
Fax: (519) 457-3997
e-mail: saindong@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/london/index_e.htm
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Wheat genetics put the bite on blight
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada researchers have identified and characterized wheat genes that allow plant breeders to more efficiently incorporate resistance to white leaf rust and fusarium head blight into new wheat varieties. The $5.1-million, 3-year study, part of the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Genomics Initiative, has also led to the discovery of genes that are involved in basic disease resistance pathways not specific to one disease-causing organism. They may help confer resistance to multiple pests such as tanspot, septoria leaf blotch, wheat midge, hessian fly and wheat stem sawfly.
Researchers have also identified previously unknown regions of the wheat genome that govern wheat quality. Knowledge of these genes and chromosome regions will allow breeders to develop varieties that target customer demands, ensuring Canada's reputation as a supplier of top quality wheat.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Reg Kucey, Science Director
Brandon Research Centre
P.O. Box 1000A, R.R.#3
Brandon, Manitoba
R7A 5Y3
Tel: (204) 726-7650
Fax: (204) 728-3858
e-mail: rkucey@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/brandon/index_e.htm
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Gene identification will help make better canola
Research teams have been working over the past three years to compile a database of over 25,000 gene sequences, and over 2,000 microsatellite markers (regions which indicate particular sequences of DNA) for Argentine canola, Brassica napus. The mapping of the genome for Brassica napus will lead to identification of genes that control a wide range of processes including resistance to fungal pathogens and insect pests, tolerance to cold, as well as protein, oil and glucosinolate accumulation, and fatty acid modification.
Once these genes are identified they may be used in new varieties that will reduce the use of chemical fungicides and insecticides, enhance cold tolerance and give higher yields of oils and proteins.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Reg Kucey, Science Director
Brandon Research Centre
P.O. Box 1000A, R.R.#3
Brandon, Manitoba
R7A 5Y3
Tel: (204) 726-7650
Fax: (204) 728-3858
e-mail: rkucey@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/brandon/index_e.htm
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Wild genes could stymie key potato pests
Two of the worst potato pests could be in for a rough ride, thanks to recent research in Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada labs. Researchers have been using molecular technology to probe the genetics of a wild Mexican potato species, where they have discovered high levels of resistance to potato blight and Colorado potato beetle.
Two resistance mechanisms have been found in the case of late blight, and preliminary work indicates resistance to Colorado potato beetle appears to be controlled by one or two genes. Inserting these genes through conventional breeding into Canadian potato varieties could save producers $20-25 million annually that would otherwise be spent on fungicides and insecticides normally used to keep these pests at bay.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Reg Kucey, Science Director
Brandon Research Centre
P.O. Box 1000A, R.R.#3
Brandon, Manitoba
R7A 5Y3
Tel: (204) 726-7650
Fax: (204) 728-3858
e-mail: rkucey@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/brandon/index_e.htm
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Preharvest sprouting markers help wheat breeders
Researchers in Swift Current, Alberta and Ottawa, Ontario, are working together on new techniques for measuring genetic potential for pre-harvest sprouting resistance in durum wheat and in white spring wheats. This led to valuable new variety development tools for Canadian researchers to support the lucrative durum and white wheat industries.
The projects identified different DNA markers linked to genes controlling dormancy factors that inhibit pre-harvest sprouting in each type of wheat. The markers will be incorporated into breeding programs to help Canada to maintain its lead in the production of superior durum and hard-white spring wheats.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Reg. Kucey, Science Director
Brandon Research Centre
P.O. Box 1000A, R.R.#3
Brandon, Manitoba
R7A 5Y3
Tel: (204) 726-7650
Fax: (204) 728-3858
e-mail: rkucey@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/brandon/index_e.htm
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Tiny mites offer a model genome
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada researchers from London and Guelph, Ontario, have teamed up with the University of Western Ontario to tackle the two-spotted spider mite. Spider mites are tiny pests that can appear both in the greenhouse and in the field, damaging a variety of ornamental and food crops.
Mites are in a class that includes spiders and scorpions, and much less is known about the genetics of this group than for insects. Researchers have been working together to investigate the genome of the spider mite, which is very small compared to insects like the fruit fly. They hope to find genes that can be used as targets for new methods of controlling these adaptable pests and their relatives.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Reg Kucey, Science Director
Brandon Research Centre
P.O. Box 1000A, R.R.#3
Brandon, Manitoba
R7A 5Y3
Tel: (204) 726-7650
Fax: (204) 728-3858
e-mail: rkucey
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/brandon/index_e.htm
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DNA markers to speed development of durum
Researchers are using molecular breeding using DNA markers and doubled haploidy to shave two to three years off durum development, getting new varieties to market faster and reducing development costs. These costs will also be reduced by identification of suitable quality types at early generations without the need for costly laboratory evaluations, many of which are now only performed 8 to 10 years into the breeding process.
Three DNA markers are currently being used in Canadian durum breeding, one for low cadmium uptake, another for genetic resistance to the wheat midge and a third for resistance to the disease loose smut. Canada currently holds greater than 60% of world trade in durum, worth over $900 million per year.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Reg Kucey, Science Director
Brandon Research Centre
P.O. Box 1000A, R.R.#3
Brandon, Manitoba
R7A 5Y3
Tel: (204) 726-7650
Fax: (204) 728-3858
e-mail: rkucey@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/brandon/index_e.htm
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A classic Catch-22 has been put to rest by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada wheat scientists. Solid-stem bread wheats are more resistant to the yield-reducing saw fly, but typically have lower yields than the less resistant hollow-stemmed types. Worse still, solidness is variable, and its source is genetically recessive.
To help clear up this confusion, scientists took a dominant solid stem gene from durum and moved it into a bread wheat. The goal is to stabilize the material so it can be used in the breeding program. Inheritance of dominant genes should increase the rate and reduce the cost of moving stem solidness into higher-yielding cultivars.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Reg Kucey, Science Director
Brandon Research Centre
P.O. Box 1000A, R.R.#3
Brandon, Manitoba
R7A 5Y3
Tel: (204) 726-7650
Fax: (204) 728-3858
e-mail: rkucey@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/brandon/index_e.htm
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Doubled haploid production reduces varietal release time
A new technology that slashes the time needed to produce new wheat varieties has been modified for durum wheat by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada researchers. The technique uses corn pollen and natural growth promoters to reduce durum variety development time by as much as 24%.
Durum wheat breeding has contributed to stable production and a 65 to 70% share of international markets, but quick responses to changes in customer requirements are necessary to ensure Canada's market share. Thanks to this research, the Canadian durum industry can now better meet changing consumer demands for healthy, better-tasting pasta. Funding for this research came from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Matching Investment Initiative and the Western Grains Research Foundation's Wheat Producer Check-off.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Reg Kucey, Science Director
Brandon Research Centre
P.O. Box 1000A, R.R.#3
Brandon, Manitoba
R7A 5Y3
Tel: (204) 726-7650
Fax: (204) 728-3858
e-mail: rkucey@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/brandon/index_e.htm
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Molecular markers key to pest resistance
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada researchers are finding new ways to give wheat resistance to insect pests and plant pathogens using segments of DNA called molecular markers. The markers are located near genes that confer resistance to leaf rust, wheat midge and fusarium head blight.
Incorporation of these genes will enable plant breeders to produce new pest-resistant varieties of wheat that benefit producers by reducing the amount of fungicides and insecticides currently required to control these pests. The research is supported through funds from the Matching Investment Initiative and Western Grains Research Foundation.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Reg Kucey, Science Director
Brandon Research Centre
P.O. Box 1000A, R.R.#3
Brandon, Manitoba
R7A 5Y3
Tel: (204) 726-7650
Fax: (204) 728-3858
e-mail: rkucey@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/brandon/index_e.htm
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New corn lines show improved fusarium resistance
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada has released eight inbred corn lines specifically developed for improved resistance to Fusarium graminearum silk or kernel infection. The latest line, code named CO441, was released in 2002 and possesses the highest resistance seen to date.
In hybrid combination, it has yields that are competitive with commercial checks, which means it may have broken the resistance/yield barrier so common in breeding for disease resistance. The eight inbred lines come from five different sources of resistance, and all were developed using conventional corn breeding methods and artificial inoculation techniques in the field. They are the only inbreds with improved ear rot resistance ever to be released from a public corn breeding program in North America.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Jim Bole, Science Director
Cereal Research Centre
195 Dafoe Road
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3T 2M9
Tel: (204) 983-0099
Fax: (204) 983-6333
e-mail: jbole@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/winnipeg/index_e.htm
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Forage barley now in a class of its own
As Western Canada's cattle industry expands, livestock producers want multi-purpose varieties that are suitable for silage, greenfeed or grain. They are calling for more options when it comes to forage, and AC Ranger—representing a new class of barley developed specifically for feed—fits the bill.
With its smooth-awned habit, AC Ranger is easy to swallow—no nasty barbs to get caught in the animal's mouth. AC Ranger was developed at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada research centre in Brandon, Manitoba, where researchers are also conducting small-scale feeding trials.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Jim Bole, Science Director
Cereal Research Centre
195 Dafoe Road
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3T 2M9
Tel: (204) 983-0099
Fax: (204) 983-6333
e-mail: jbole@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/winnipeg/index_e.htm
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Disease threatens prairie pea production
Pea producers may soon be able to fight the scourge of Mycosphaerella fungi with the help of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada researchers at Morden, Manitoba, and their colleagues at the Alberta Research Council. They've teamed up to develop a cost-effective, integrated program for improved disease control. Ultimately, the team's goal is to identify genetic sources of resistance—most likely from wild pea subspecies that show natural disease resistance—that can be used to develop new, blight-resistant cultivars suitable for commercial production.
The menacing disease continues to be a threat to Canada's pea crop. During severe outbreaks of Mycosphaerella blight, yields losses can exceed 50%. It's been estimated that in a year with average growing conditions, a 10% loss in the disease-prone area costs producers over $40 million and seriously reduces seed quality.
For further information, contact:
Drr. Jim Bole, Science Director
Cereal Research Centre
195 Dafoe Road
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3T 2M9
Tel: (204) 983-0099
Fax: (204) 983-6333
e-mail: jbole@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/winnipeg/index_e.htm
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Breeding techniques boost small fruit choices for cool climates
Scientists in St. John's, Newfoundland, are developing superior small fruit cultivars for commercial production in Atlantic Canada. Cranberry, lingonberry (partridgeberry), blueberry and cloudberry (bakeapple) are all being produced by modern micropropagation techniques and genetic fingerprinting of wild fruits.
The resulting new commercial varieties will contribute to economic opportunities along the agri-food production and processing chain. The use of tissue culture and molecular techniques may also serve as a model system to complement traditional breeding of other perennial fruit crops.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Jim Bole, Science Director
Cereal Research Centre
195 Dafoe Road
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3T 2M9
Tel: (204) 983-0099
Fax: (204) 983-6333
e-mail: jbole@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/winnipeg/index_e.htm
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New soybean varieties fit for a princess
Canadian exports of soybeans to Japan and the Pacific Rim have skyrocketed over the last few years, thanks in part to three new varieties developed by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada researchers in Harrow, Ontario. The three new food-grade soybeans—known as AC Hime (Japanese for 'princess'), AC Vin-Pro and AC X790P—are all available to Canadian soybean exporters.
All three varieties have large seed, high protein content, high yield (relative to their seed size and protein content) and good processing quality. They were developed from complex sets of crosses involving Japanese and North American soybean cultivars. Contract production of the varieties is now under way.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Jim Bole, Science Director
Cereal Research Centre
195 Dafoe Road
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3T 2M9
Tel: (204) 983-0099
Fax: (204) 983-6333
e-mail: jbole@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/winnipeg/index_e.htm
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The Explorer series of hardy roses from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada has enjoyed enormous success over the years, but now it's time to turn the page. A new series, Canadian Artists, will be coming on stream within the next couple of years, with even more promise of developing beautiful roses suited to Canadian growing conditions.
The new series will build on the hardiness of the Explorer line, and will feature improved disease resistance. The money generated from royalties and licensing fees will be reinvested in more research.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Jim Bole, Science Director
Cereal Research Centre
195 Dafoe Road
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3T 2M9
Tel: (204) 983-0099
Fax: (204) 983-6333
e-mail: jbole@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/winnipeg/index_e.htm
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A new malting barley variety developed in Brandon, Manitoba, will soon be hitting the beer market. The new barley, being marketed under the name, Calder, is higher yielding, has better seed characteristics and improved disease resistance.
Calder has promising malting quality, but its most noteworthy features are high extract and improved resistance to peeling of the hull, which are important in the malting and brewing industry. Continuing efforts of Brandon researchers to develop superior new varieties, with strong input from farmers and industry, will help Canada realize its goal of becoming the world's leader in the production and export of malt and malting barley.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Jim Bole, Science Director
Cereal Research Centre
195 Dafoe Road
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3T 2M9
Tel: (204) 983-0099
Fax: (204) 983-6333
e-mail: jbole@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/winnipeg/index_e.htm
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Pear breeders seek fire blight resistance
Fire blight of pear is the bane of commercial pear growers, and most varieties are highly susceptible to the bacterial disease. But there's hope following the release of five new resistant varieties from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada labs that reduce the need for unreliable chemical defences.
Scientists are also working in collaboration with University of Guelph researchers to find molecular markers linked to fire blight resistance. These markers will be used in the breeding program to further advance the front against this serious disease.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Jim Bole, Science Director
Cereal Research Centre
195 Dafoe Road
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3T 2M9
Tel: (204) 983-0099
Fax: (204) 983-6333
e-mail: jbole@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/winnipeg/index_e.htm
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New flax varieties resist powdery mildew
A trio of flax varieties from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's flax breeding program at Morden, Manitoba, has resistance to a trio of nasty diseases: powdery mildew, a potentially devastating disease that was first observed in Western Canada in 1997; rust disease; and soil-borne fusarium wilt. Lightning, Hanley and MacBeth are the latest releases to give growers a fighting chance.
The flax breeding program has also identified resistance genes and resistant varieties in an effort to combat powdery mildew. Improved resistance to the disease in future cultivars will be achieved by incorporating and stacking two more resistance genes identified in flax lines from Europe.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Jim Bole, Science Director
Cereal Research Centre
195 Dafoe Road
Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3T 2M9
Tel: (204) 983-0099
Fax: (204) 983-6333
e-mail: jbole@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/winnipeg/index_e.htm
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Balanced weed management strategy boosts yields, saves money
Scientists at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada labs in Alberta are working to include agronomic factors in developing a balanced weed management strategy. They combined a competitive cultivar with a high seeding rate and early weed removal. This enhanced crop health, lowered weed levels, and increased yield by 41%, compared with a less competitive cultivar, a lower seeding rate and late weed removal.
Pyramiding best management practices contributed a net benefit of $38 per hectare for a $13 investment compared with combining less optimal management practices. The goal of the research is to reduce exclusive reliance on herbicides that shortens their effectiveness, adds costs and may put the long-term health of the environment at risk.
For further information, contact:
Dr. David Wall, Science Director
Saskatoon Research Centre
107 Science Place
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
S7N 0X2
Tel: (306) 956-7200
Fax: (306) 956-7248
e-mail: walld@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/saskatoon/index_e.htm
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Low-disturbance seeding can cut fertilizer and herbicide rates
Scientists in Brandon, Manitoba, have found that reducing tillage, fertilizer, and herbicide applications in a wheat-pea rotation has no negative impact on yield or net benefits. They varied fertilizer applications from 25 to 100% of recommended rates and herbicide applications from 66 to 100% of recommended rates, while comparing low- versus high-disturbance seeding.
The best economic return over the five-year study came from fertilizer applications at 50 to 75% of recommended rates, combined with low-disturbance seeding—regardless of what herbicide rates were applied. Low-disturbance seeding and growing a nitrogen-fixing crop helps leave the soil's biological system intact and reduces chemical inputs, providing both economic and environmental benefits.
For further information, contact:
Dr. David Wall, Science Director
Saskatoon Research Centre
107 Science Place
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
S7N 0X2
Tel: (306) 956-7200
Fax: (306) 956-7248
e-mail: walld@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/saskatoon/index_e.htm
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Smart tractor tills up wealth of data
Scientists and engineers in Ottawa have developed a one-of-a-kind computerized tractor for use in field research programs. The tractor comes fitted with a series of sensors and a data logger, and can measure and record fuel consumption, engine speed, ground speed and implement draft while doing normal field work.
The instrumented tractor also has a Global Positioning System (GPS) that allows scientists to map tillage energy in a field and compare it with yield to identify problem areas in the field. One study is examining energy use with new tillage equipment in an effort to find a tillage practice that saves money and fuel, gets comparable yields and has an environmental benefit.
For further information, contact:
Dr. David Wall, Science Director
Saskatoon Research Centre
107 Science Place
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
S7N 0X2
Tel: (306) 956-7200
Fax: (306) 956-7248
e-mail: walld@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/saskatoon/index_e.htm
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Scientists in Swift Current, Saskatchewan, have been studying nitrogen and phosphorus management methods which can increase nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, seed yield and seed oil quantity and quality in flax. The aim is to develop best management practices that reduce business risk and environmental impact.
Results indicate that flax growers have many management options available. The current trend of adding all the crop's fertilizer requirements during the seeding operation, one-pass seeding and fertilizing no till system, may, in some cases actually improve seed yields with no apparent negative effects on flax seed oil quality and quantity.
For further information, contact:
Dr. David Wall, Science Director
Saskatoon Research Centre
107 Science Place
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
S7N 0X2
Tel: (306) 956-7200
Fax: (306) 956-7248
e-mail: walld@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/saskatoon/index_e.htm
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Research puts the chill on the queen of forages
Scientists have found a way to overcome the challenges faced by breeders of cold-tolerant alfalfa. Cold tolerance is the most important factor in field survival of alfalfa, but field selection for winter hardiness has historically been difficult due to the unpredictability of environmental conditions.
Researchers have used a method of selection performed under environmentally controlled conditions to develop populations of improved cold tolerance and winter hardiness. Field evaluation of winter hardiness and spring yield showed marked increases in persistence and yield for some of the selected populations when exposed to stressful conditions. Major increases in winter hardiness of alfalfa can be achieved by cold-tolerance-targeted selection.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Peter Burnett, Science Director
Lethbridge Research Centre
Box 3000
Lethbridge, Alberta
T1J 4B1
Tel: (403) 327-4561
Fax: (403) 382-3156
e-mail: burnettp@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/lethbridge/index_e.htm
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Grazing affects soil carbon, nutrients
The level of grazing impacts the rate of nutrient cycling through pasture systems. This flow-rate may influence the efficiency of soil carbon sequestration, according to Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada researchers. This follows a study that compared forage accumulation, consumption and return of dry matter, carbon and nitrogen to soil at normal and very heavy grazing intensities.
They found that even though the cattle consumed similar amounts under normal and heavy grazing conditions, less dry matter, carbon and nitrogen were returned to the soil for heavy grazing. This material was lower in organic and higher in mineralized content, which would degrade and cycle faster in the soil than that from normal grazing.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Peter Burnett, Science Director
Lethbridge Research Centre
Box 3000
Lethbridge, Alberta
T1J 4B1
Tel: (403) 327-4561
Fax: (403) 382-3156
e-mail: burnettp@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/lethbridge/index_e.htm
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Conventional corn hybrids suitable for winter grazing
Specially bred grazing corn offers producers in Western Canada an extended grazing season, but cost more to grow than conventional varieties. Research suggests that conventional varieties may be just as good.
The study shows that even though yield and forage losses occur due to weathering, there is still enough nutritive value in the corn to maintain pregnant cows through the winter. Thus corn has potential for winter grazing in the warmer parts of the prairies, but choice of variety should be based on early maturity and cost of seed.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Peter Burnett, Science Director
Lethbridge Research Centre
Box 3000
Lethbridge, Alberta
T1J 4B1
Tel: (403) 327-4561
Fax: (403) 382-3156
e-mail: burnettp@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/lethbridge/index_e.htm
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Scientists ID new virus strain in potatoes
Scientists in Manitoba and New Brunswick, have isolated a new strain of the potato virus, PVY. This new strain, designated as recombinant PVYN:0, was found with increased incidence in one potato-growing area of Manitoba. In view of this, seed tubers imported from other provinces of Canada and from neighbouring U.S. states were analysed for the recombinant.
Viruses have the potential to reduce potato yield and quality significantly. Further studies about the impact of the new strain on the potato crop are ongoing and include accurate and speedy diagnosis of the strain for effective management of seed potatoes.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Peter Burnett, Science Director
Lethbridge Research Centre
Box 3000
Lethbridge, Alberta
T1J 4B1
Tel: (403) 327-4561
Fax: (403) 382-3156
e-mail: burnettp@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/lethbridge/index_e.htm
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Water quality influences cattle growth, behaviour
Yearling heifers having access to clean water gained over 23% and 20% more weight than those drinking directly from a pond or drinking pond water in a trough, according to a study conducted by rangeland scientists in Alberta. While water source did not affect cow weight or backfat thickness, calves with cows drinking clean water, gained 9% more weight than calves with cows drinking water directly from ponds.
The difference in water quality was also reflected in cattle behaviour, as cattle avoided water that was contaminated with 0.005% fresh manure by weight when given a choice of clean water. Researchers recommend that cattle managers consider both water quality and forage conditions in to achieve optimal production from rangeland.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Peter Burnett, Science Director
Lethbridge Research Centre
Box 3000
Lethbridge, Alberta
T1J 4B1
Tel: (403) 327-4561
Fax: (403) 382-3156
e-mail: burnettp@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/lethbridge/index_e.htm
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Degree-days key to fall harvest management of alfalfa
Scientists studying the effect of fall harvest on alfalfa have found a clue to its overwintering persistence. The total degree days accumulated between the last summer harvest and the fall harvest should reach at least 500 to minimize the risk of winterkill.
Researchers from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and Laval University looked at the effects of fall harvest timing on yields in relation to changes in concentrations and amounts of carbon and nitrogen reserves in taproots of alfalfa. Biochemical analyses highlighted the determinant contribution of specific N reserves (amino acids and storage proteins) to spring regrowth and revealed that total amounts of carbon and nitrogen reserves are better related to shoot regrowth than their concentrations.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Peter Burnett, Science Director
Lethbridge Research Centre
Box 3000
Lethbridge, Alberta
T1J 4B1
Tel: (403) 327-4561
Fax: (403) 382-3156
e-mail: burnettp@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/lethbridge/index_e.htm
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Vigilant science is key to fighting bean disease
Scientists in western Canada have made two important discoveries in the dry bean disease world from seed samples collected in Alberta and Saskatchewan in 2001. They found the first incidence anywhere in the world of pink seed, caused by the bacteria Erwinia rhapontici. They also discovered bacterial wilt of bean, a disease requiring quarantine, for the first time in Western Canada.
Research on the pink seed pathogen shows that it can survive prairie winter conditions and that it can attack both dry beans and peas. Future research will establish whether strains of Erwinia rhapontici can also attack cereal crops such as durum and common wheat, which are important crops for rotation with pulses. The development of a rapid technique to screen bean cultivars for resistance to bacterial wilt will be useful for developing new Canadian bean varieties with resistance to this disease. The research on these two new diseases is important to protect Canada's fast-growing pulse crop industry.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Peter Burnett, Science Director
Lethbridge Research Centre
Box 3000
Lethbridge, Alberta
T1J 4B1
Tel: (403) 327-4561
Fax: (403) 382-3156
e-mail: burnettp@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/lethbridge/index_e.htm
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Research ripens outlook for vegetable processors
p>Horticulture researchers are casting a wide science net in their efforts to help the processing vegetable industry. Production management, computer modelling and remote sensing are being combined to make sure the best possible produce gets to the processing plant.
Here's how the line-up works: production management specialists are working to ensure a steady supply off peas, corn and beans; computer modelers predict yields and maturity dates, and remote sensing experts provide satellite imaging to confirm the models.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Denis Demars, Science Director
Horticulture Research and Development Centre
430 Gouin Boulevard
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec
J3B 3E6
Tel: (450) 346-4494
Fax: (450) 346-7740
e-mail: demarsd@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/stjean/index.htm
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Research serves up a slice of the organic pie
As the market for organic production grows, many food processors expect that one day soon that demand could be expanded to processed foods like apple sauce and apple slices for pies. Researchers in Kentville, Nova Scotia, have responded by kicking off a project to develop a certifiable organic apple production and processing system.
The aim of the pilot project is to identify production challenges and build a data base on field production and processing plant recovery for each apple variety. The group is investigating all aspects of the transition to organic production, including new bio-pest control agents and nutrient sources from bio-waste mulch to replace commercial fertilizer and chemical weed control.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Denis Demars, Science Director
Horticulture Research and Development Centre
430 Gouin Boulevard
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec
J3B 3E6
Tel: (450) 346-4494
Fax: (450) 346-7740
e-mail: demarsd@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/stjean/index.htm
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Sea buckthorn yields its treasures
Sea buckthorn has a lot going for it as a high-value added crop for marginal land, but as its name suggests, it's a prickly customer come harvest time. Scientists at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada labs in Summerland, British Columbia, are looking at efficient ways to harvest the berries, rich in many components including proteins, carbohydrates, organic acids, amino acids and vitamins, particularly vitamins C and E.
Researchers have already developed a crop management system for the winter-hardy, deciduous shrub, grown in Canada primarily for its uses in soil erosion prevention and soil reclamation. New products are also being developed from the berries, and the nutraceutical values of the berries and leaves are being investigated.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Denis Demars, Science Director
Horticulture Research and Development Centre
430 Gouin Boulevard
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec
J3B 3E6
Tel: (450) 346-4494
Fax: (450) 346-7740
e-mail: demarsd@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/stjean/index.htm
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Potassium deficiency issue addressed in high-density apple orchards
Canadian apple producers are increasingly interested in growing high-density apple orchards, but may run into potassium shortages, according to researchers in Summerland, British Columbia. This deficiency can occur within three years of establishing a high-density orchard, particularly if the trees are planted into coarse-textured, loamy sands or sandy soils, and are drip-irrigated.
Researchers have determined that the annual addition of as little as 15 grams of potassium per tree dissolved in the irrigation water can avoid this problem. High-density orchards have potentially higher and earlier yields per unit area of land, a benefit that allows growers to increase production and get the edge on the fresh market.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Denis Demars, Science Director
Horticulture Research and Development Centre
430 Gouin Boulevard
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec
J3B 3E6
Tel: (450) 346-4494
Fax: (450) 346-7740
e-mail: demarsd@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/stjean/index.htm
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Research raises greenhouse tomatoes to new heights
Greenhouse tomato growers will soon be able to pick their produce without straining their backs, thanks to researchers in Harrow, Ontario, who have been experimenting with growing cluster- and beefsteak-type tomatoes on raised gutter systems. As the name implies, the plants are grown in troughs raised off the ground, making it easier to plant the crop and to harvest the fruit.
The raised troughs also provide the opportunity to inter-crop, resulting in minimal down-time between successive crops. Researchers are now looking for ways to incorporate closed hydroponic systems into the raised-gutter culture system and to develop ideal fertigation schedules and improved water and fertilizer delivery systems.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Denis Demars, Science Director
Horticulture Research and Development Centre
430 Gouin Boulevard
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec
J3B 3E6
Tel: (450) 346-4494
Fax: (450) 346-7740
e-mail: demarsd@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/stjean/index.htm
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Scientists get a handle on Chinese cabbage diseases
A study looking to control petiole spotting and bacterial soft rot in Chinese cabbage identified two critical elements: nitrogen management and cultivar selection. Scientists in Harrow, Ontario, found that growers can reduce the incidence of these diseases by avoiding excessive nitrogen applications, and by avoiding applications of nitrogen after head formation.
Additional studies indicate even greater control can be achieved by selecting cultivars with low susceptibility to the diseases. Chinese cabbage is one of the highest acreage oriental vegetable crops grown in Ontario and is also shipped to many markets in the United States.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Denis Demars, Science Director
Horticulture Research and Development Centre
430 Gouin Boulevard
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec
J3B 3E6
Tel: (450) 346-4494
Fax: (450) 346-7740
e-mail: demarsd@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/stjean/index.htm
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Blueberry production gets a jolt with gypsum
Blueberries are one of the most important crops in Atlantic Canada. But fertilizing lowbush or wild blueberries can be difficult because nutrient uptake by the blueberry is marginal, and yield response can be erratic. Scientists in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, have shown that gypsum, as an organic amendment in lowbush blueberry plots, significantly improves the plants uptake of nitrogen, potassium and other key nutrients needed for growth.
It appears the gypsum, acting as a catalyst, unlocks the plants ability to absorb these compounds. When combined with fertilizer, this increases stem length, live buds and total blossoms. Moreover, gypsum is a permitted material listed product for organic crop production and would be a friendly addition to organic management of the lowbush blueberry.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Denis Demars, Science Director
Horticulture Research and Development Centre
430 Gouin Boulevard
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec
J3B 3E6
Tel: (450) 346-4494
Fax: (450) 346-7740
e-mail: demarsd@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/stjean/index.htm
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Beef researchers working on the two-for-one principle
Beef researchers in Brandon, Manitoba, are developing a new system that makes predictable twinning a management reality. They have successfully combined fixed-time artificial insemination (AI) with embryo transfer, using low-cost, male-sex dairy embryos, to increase calf production—pounds of weaned calf—in the beef herd by 85%.
Today's beef cow is quite capable of rearing two large calves a year, but conventional farming practices have been tailored for a cow having a single calf, and unexpected twinning has posed problems for beef producers. Researchers believe that a high-value, market niche for dairy heifers or specialized breeding stock could make the whole proposition worthwhile. With a 40% twinning rate, their calculations indicate a 20% higher return on investment for beef producers.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Jacques Surprenant, Science Director
Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre
2000 Route 108 E.
P.O. Box 90
Lennoxville, Quebec
J1M 1Z3
Tel: (819) 565-9174
Fax: (819) 564-5507
e-mail: surprenantj@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/lennoxville/index_e.htm
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Sunflower-rich diet good for beef cattle and us
Researchers have shown that adding 14% whole sunflower seeds to a high-forage ration (just over 40% each of silage and barley) reduces the amount of methane, a greenhouse gas, emitted by steers in the feedlot. The lower methane emissions are likely because sunflower seeds contain high levels of oil, which suppress methane production in the cattle's rumen, or stomach.
Scientists are investigating other potential benefits of feeding sunflowers to beef cattle, such as an increase in conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), believed to prevent heart disease and cancer. Two possible ways of increasing the CLA content in beef would be to finish cattle on pasture and forages or to offer diets containing animal or vegetable fats, as in sunflower seeds, during the finishing period in the feedlot.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Jacques Surprenant, Science Director
Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre
2000 Route 108 E.
P.O. Box 90
Lennoxville, Quebec
J1M 1Z3
Tel: (819) 565-9174
Fax: (819) 564-5507
e-mail: surprenantj@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/lennoxville/index_e.htm
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Watered feed boosts chickens growth
Poultry researchers in Agassiz, British Columbia, are examining whether the addition of water to wheat-based diets will increase the rate at which broiler chicks will grow. Early feeding trials indicate that adding water to durum wheat-based diets will proportionally increase the intake of feed by, and subsequent growth of, broiler chicks.
Watered hard-wheat diets do not appear to yield the same growth results, but feeding wet diets does reduce feed wastage since the birds can not scatter feed from the trough as easily. It may also reduce early chick mortality as birds could get both water and feed from the same source.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Jacques Surprenant, Science Director
Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre
2000 Route 108 E.
P.O. Box 90
Lennoxville, Quebec
J1M 1Z3
Tel: (819) 565-9174
Fax: (819) 564-5507
e-mail: surprenantj@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/lennoxville/index_e.htm
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Pasture-grazed cows milked for health benefits
Dairy researchers have found that dairy cows grazing pasture produce milk with higher levels of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) than those fed mixed rations in confinement. This finding is significant because CLA is believed to have anti-cancer and -heart disease properties.
The study compared various pasture types for their impact on CLA levels in milk, and red clover came out on top. The results are of special interest to the agriculture community, because food products from ruminants, particularly milk and dairy products, are the main sources of CLAs in the human diet.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Jacques Surprenant, Science Director
Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre
2000 Route 108 E.
P.O. Box 90
Lennoxville, Quebec
J1M 1Z3
Tel: (819) 565-9174
Fax: (819) 564-5507
e-mail: surprenantj@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/lennoxville/index_e.htm
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Vitamin supplements make for productive sows
Collaborative research between Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada scientists and Laval University is looking to find the best combination of B vitamins to boost the reproductive viability of sows. This relatively new area of reproductive study is aimed at reducing malformations and stillbirths.
Researchers are looking in particular at the combined effect of vitamins B9 and B12. They are confident that the cost of vitamin supplements would be insignificant when compared with the net benefit on sow productivity.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Jacques Surprenant, Science Director
Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre
2000 Route 108 E.
P.O. Box 90
Lennoxville, Quebec
J1M 1Z3
Tel: (819) 565-9174
Fax: (819) 564-5507
e-mail: surprenantj@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/lennoxville/index_e.htm
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Pig studies should take big picture approach
When evaluating animal production research results, it pays to take a holistic approach, say livestock scientists. Extrapolating the data from a single animal to the whole herd can skew the results, according to a recent study.
The study confirmed that variability within the herd made it unwise to recast particular results as general observations. Moreover, the greater the variability, the less likely that the individual animal observations will reflect the overall tendencies of the herd.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Jacques Surprenant, Science Director
Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre
2000 Route 108 E.
P.O. Box 90
Lennoxville, Quebec
J1M 1Z3
Tel: (819) 565-9174
Fax: (819) 564-5507
e-mail: surprenantj@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/lennoxville/index_e.htm
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Flax in dairy cow diet boosts milk quality and quantity
Dairy researchers have found that feeding flax seed to dairy cows increases the milk's protein content while lowering the fat levels. Moreover, the remaining fat contains a higher ratio of omega 3, which has human health benefits.
The study looked at the composition, digestibility and impact on milk production of whole, untreated flax seed diets, and their potential as a protein supplement substitute. The flax was compared with soy and calcium salts derived from palm oil.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Jacques Surprenant, Science Director
Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre
2000 Route 108 E.
P.O. Box 90
Lennoxville, Quebec
J1M 1Z3
Tel: (819) 565-9174
Fax: (819) 564-5507
e-mail: surprenantj@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/lennoxville/index_e.htm
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Old familiar places and faces make milk cows more productive, study suggests
It seems dairy cattle do their best work when they stick with the same old, same old. A behavioural study of Holsteins in Sherbrooke, Quebec, showed that milk yields were best when the cattle were milked in their usual surrounding, with familiar people present. The study compared that situation with that of being milked alone in an unfamiliar room and being milked in an unfamiliar room but brushed by a known person.
Cows milked in an unfamiliar room had the lowest yields. The presence of a familiar human helped somewhat, however, it wasn't enough to overcome the stress of an unfamiliar environment. The study results will help dairy producers maximize output while improving the welfare of their herd.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Valerie Stevens, Science Director
Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre
4200 Highway 97
Summerland, British Columbia
V0H 1Z0
Tel: (250) 494-7711
Fax: (250) 494-0755
e-mail: stevensv@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/parc-crapac/index_e.htm
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Cattle choose their bed, lie in it
Farmers facing difficulty getting straw for animal bedding can try soft rubber mats, say Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada scientists in Sherbrooke, Quebec. A study looking at cattle's apparent bedding preferences allowed cattle to choose among concrete-floored cubicles containing either a thick layer of straw, soft rubber mats with a thin layer of straw, or sand.
The cows were filmed over two days to see how long they lay on each type of flooring. The cows lay down for as long on straw as on soft rubber mats, but for a much shorter time on the sand. The cows preferred the straw to the mats in the winter but there was no difference in the summer.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Valerie Stevens, Science Director
Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre
4200 Highway 97
Summerland, British Columbia
V0H 1Z0
Tel: (250) 494-7711
Fax: (250) 494-0755
e-mail: stevensv@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/parc-crapac/index_e.htm
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Therapy product improves hog welfare and carcass yield
A nutritional therapy product for hogs developed at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's labs in Lethbridge, Alberta, could save producers up to $3 a head. The supplement is like a Gatorade™ for pigs, composed of slow release carbohydrates, physiologically active ions (electrolytes) and specific amino acids.
The liquid nutrient product was formulated to counteract the effects of stress caused by handling and transportation, which can result in lower carcass quality and yield. The product reduces the amount of weight loss without compromising meat quality.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Valerie Stevens, Science Director
Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre
4200 Highway 97
Summerland, British Columbia
V0H 1Z0
Tel: (250) 494-7711
Fax: (250) 494-0755
e-mail: stevensv@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/parc-crapac/index_e.htm
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High fibre diet helps reduce hunger in pregnant pigs
Forget the stereotype of pickles and ice cream: pregnant sows' food cravings can be satisfied by adding fibre to their feed rations. An Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada research study in Sherbrooke, Quebec, showed that fibre in their diet increases the amount of time they rest and reduces behaviours that indicate the pigs are hungry.
The larger volume of feed in fibrous diets results in pigs eating more slowing over longer periods of time. No matter what diet (high fibre or concentrate), serving one large meal per day reduced hunger and feed anticipation more effectively than two smaller meals, indicating that there could be a labour advantage if feeding a single meal was possible without compromising the welfare of the animals.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Valerie Stevens, Science Director
Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre
4200 Highway 97
Summerland, British Columbia
V0H 1Z0
Tel: (250) 494-7711
Fax: (250) 494-0755
e-mail: stevensv@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/parc-crapac/index_e.htm
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Since cattle can't talk, we need objective ways to measure the impact of external stressors that affect their welfare and performance. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada scientists are looking at a battery of tests to determine the physiological effects of stressors such as weaning, transportation, or diet changes.
Some of the indicators include plasma cortisol, plasma beta-endorphin, body temperature, heart rate and behaviour among cattle before, during and after stressful activities. The aim of objective- stress measures is to help refine production practices that improve animal health, increase production efficiency and address animal welfare concerns.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Valerie Stevens, Science Director
Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre
4200 Highway 97
Summerland, British Columbia
V0H 1Z0
Tel: (250) 494-7711
Fax: (250) 494-0755
e-mail: stevensv@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/parc-crapac/index_e.htm
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Canada's new soil maps show great improvement
The Soil Landscapes of Canada has been updated to incorporate new soil survey information collected over the last 10 years. And for the first time, it links directly to underlying detailed soil survey information.
The maps also provide data on a greater range of soil properties, shows the variability of soils on individual landscapes and makes available to researchers and modelers data for individual soils and soil horizons. The Soil Landscapes of Canada provides national and local decision makers with a standard format for soils information.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Lianne Dwyer, Science Director
Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre (ECORC)
960 Carling Avenue, K.W. Neatby Building
Ottawa, Ontario
K1A 0C6
Tel: (613) 759-1952
Fax: (613) 759-1970
e-mail: dwylerl@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.gc.ca/ecorc/index_e.htm
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New technology helps nutrient management planning
A new methodology developed by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada will help municipalities manage large livestock operations in the Prairies while ensuring the surrounding environment is not negatively impacted. In cooperation with resource specialists, Natural Resources Canada, and the governments of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, researchers have developed a system to rate soils and landscapes by three major factors: soil nutrients, surface water and groundwater.
Soils are the first line of defense in minimizing nutrient loss, thereby protecting surface water and groundwater. By understanding soil and resource characteristics livestock operations can be located where there is the least potential to harm the surrounding environment.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Lianne Dwyer, Science Director
Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre (ECORC)
960 Carling Avenue, K.W. Neatby Building
Ottawa, Ontario
K1A 0C6
Tel: (613) 759-1952
Fax: (613) 759-1970
e-mail: dwyerl@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.gc.ca/ecorc/index_e.htm
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System recovers runoff, boosts crop yield
A reservoir-irrigation system to re-circulate surface and tile run-off reduces groundwater pollution and keeps crops irrigated during the summer. Developed by scientists in Harrow, Ontario, the system comprises underground or surface reservoirs connected to existing tile drainage that fill during the rainy parts of the season.
During the dry months of July and August, the water and any accumulated nutrients are pumped back to the crop through the same tiles used to recover the water. For 2002, results show a 91% yield increase in corn and a 49% increase in soybeans using the controlled drainage-subirrigation system.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Richard Butts, Science Director
Potato Research Centre
850 Lincoln Road
P.O. Box 20280
Fredericton, New Brunswick
E3B 4Z7
Tel: (506) 452-3260
Fax: (506) 452-3316
e-mail: butts@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/fredericton/index_e.htm
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Study gets to the root of farm productivity
Scientists in St. John's, Newfoundland, are helping dairy farmers produce high-energy forage crops by removing excess soil moisture that otherwise hampers forage growth. The goal is to increase productivity in areas with high rainfall, cool temperatures and compacted soils.
The study is looking at three subsurface drainage research plots to determine the best design parameters for soils and to monitor impacts on water quality. The study is being done in conjunction with a provincial land improvement program. Several hectares of abandoned farm land are now producing crops due to the improved drainage conditions.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Richard Butts, Science Director
Potato Research Centre
850 Lincoln Road
P.O. Box 20280
Fredericton, New Brunswick
E3B 4Z7
Tel: (506) 452-3260
Fax: (506) 452-3316
e-mail: butts@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/fredericton/index_e.htm
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Composting could be solution to manure pathogens
Scientists with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the Government of Alberta, the Universities of Lethbridge and Alberta, and the Chinook Health Region, have recently completed a 3-year project on the impact of beef cattle feedlots and manure production on water quality and human health. They examined persistence, runoff and leaching of contaminants from feedlot facilities and manured cropland. Beneficial management practices such as bedding material, composting, and manure application.
An exciting find was that composting killed the pathogenic bacteria in the pen manure. An application of compost to cropland may be an effective method to control the persistence and transport of pathogens in the environment.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Richard Butts, Science Director
Potato Research Centre
850 Lincoln Road
P.O. Box 20280
Fredericton, New Brunswick
E3B 4Z7
Tel: (506) 452-3260
Fax: (506) 452-3316
e-mail: butts@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/fredericton/index_e.htm
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Naturally occurring soil layer may reduce groundwater contamination
A 3-year project, involving scientists from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and the Province of Alberta, is determining the effect of soil texture on potential infiltration and leaching through feedlot pens and the associated catch basin. The study follows previous research suggesting that leaching is prevented by the unique soil profile that develops in feedlot pens after cattle are introduced.
Preliminary results indicate that a compacted black, organic layer forms just below the manure pack within two months of cattle entering the pen. This is good news because it makes it less likely for contaminants in manure to leach through the pen floor into the groundwater.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Richard Butts, Science Director
Potato Research Centre
850 Lincoln Road
P.O. Box 20280
Fredericton, New Brunswick
E3B 4Z7
Tel: (506) 452-3260
Fax: (506) 452-3316
e-mail: butts@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/fredericton/index_e.htm
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Hay mulching reduces soil erosion and increases potato yield
Scientists in Fredericton, New Brunswick, are working to develop soil and crop management technologies that can be used by potato farmers to reduce soil degradation. One study that may prove to be promising is applying hay mulch to a field following a potato harvest.
Researchers have demonstrated that hay mulching can be an effective tool for reducing soil loss while maintaining, and in some cases enhancing, potato yield. This study could help reduce one of the most severe soil degradation problems affecting soil quality in Canada.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Richard Butts, Science Director
Potato Research Centre
850 Lincoln Road
P.O. Box 20280
Fredericton, New Brunswick
E3B 4Z7
Tel: (506) 452-3260
Fax: (506) 452-3316
e-mail: butts@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/fredericton/index_e.htm
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Researchers bring sustainability to bear on biosolids
Scientists at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada are studying the persistence, transport, impacts and control of a number of soil contaminants, such as bacteria, hormones, antibiotics, heavy metals and nutrients, which can potentially threaten water resources and limit the use of these materials. The goal is to minimize environmental risks by improving detection methods, measuring them under different conditions and mitigating their impact.
Laboratory microcosms revealed that several of the bioactive compounds were significantly less stable in aerated than anaerobic manures and dissipated rapidly and completely in a variety of soils incubated under a range of temperature and moistures. This suggests that aeration of liquid manure would be beneficial.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Richard Butts, Science Director
Potato Research Centre
850 Lincoln Road
P.O. Box 20280
Fredericton, New Brunswick
E3B 4Z7
Tel: (506) 452-3260
Fax: (506) 452-3316
e-mail: butts@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/fredericton/index_e.htm
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Scientists paint climate change scenario
If the climate's going to change, we'd better be prepared to adapt. And Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada researchers across the country are helping by figuring out the impact of climate change on the way we produce our food.
Scientists figure the effects will be a trade-off, as some crops will benefit from more degree days whereas others, such as perennial forages, will take a beating from mild winters. Researchers also predict that some production areas in Western Canada may be wetter than today, whereas others will be drier, indicating a need to rethink irrigation practices.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Barry Grace, Science Director
Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre
4200 Highway 97
Summerland, British Columbia
V0H 1Z0
Tel: (250) 494-7711
Fax: (250) 494-0755
e-mail: graceb@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/parc-crapac/index_e.htm
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Science helps neutralize the stink of pollution
Spreading pig manure on the soil can be good for crops, but can also have some unpleasant consequences if not managed properly. Scientists in Sainte-Foy, Quebec, are looking for ways to reduce the nasties, in particular, the emission of smelly ammonia.
Study results show that incorporating the slurry into the top 5 centimetres of the soil can reduce ammonia emissions by up to 80%. Scientists caution that the incorporation of manure must take place immediately after spreading, because more than half the ammonia is released into the atmosphere within 11 hours after it's applied.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Barry Grace, Science Director
Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre
4200 Highway 97
Summerland, British Columbia
V0H 1Z0
Tel: (250) 494-7711
Fax: (250) 494-0755
e-mail: graceb@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/parc-crapac/index_e.htm
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Cattle can contribute to rangeland ecology
Researchers in Lethbridge, Alberta, are studying the impact of cattle on a mixed Prairie grassland. The goal is to develop grazing guidelines that protect the grassland while producing beef.
Grazing cattle on some rangelands can actually help preserve rare species that might otherwise get crowded out by more aggressive plants. But overgrazing causes deterioration through loss of species and soil degradation, and jeopardizes the long-term potential of the region to support livestock. Protecting endangered species is a powerful incentive to study the effects of current and proposed agricultural practices on wildlife.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Christiane Deslauriers, Science Director
Crops and Livestock Research Centre
P.O. Box 1210
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
C1A 7M8
Tel: (902) 566-6800
Fax: (902) 566-6821
e-mail: deslauriersc@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/charlottetown/index_e.htm
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New colour guides from scientists in Lethbridge, Alberta, will help farmers and the general public recognize the 40 or so common species of grasshoppers that are not pests, but important food for birds. The publication coincides with the conclusion of a 2-year study on the effects of grasshopper spraying on the food supply of birds.
The results of the field trials allowed researchers to make recommendations to avoid the impact of grasshopper control on birds. They also documented the effects of grasshopper sprays on various mice, beetles and bees.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Christiane Deslauriers, Science Director
Crops and Livestock Research Centre
P.O. Box 1210
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
C1A 7M8
Tel: (902) 566-6800
Fax: (902) 566-6821
e-mail: deslauriersc@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/charlottetown/index_e.htm
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Plant virus collection adds to Canadian biodiversity knowledge
Scientists in Summerland, British Columbia, are cultivating a friendship with one of the more reviled quasi-life forms on the planet: the virus. Although typically shunned as pathogens, viruses are also genetic resources that can be exploited for their gene products, as vectors for other genes and as model systems to analyze gene function and evolutionary processes.
The plant virus collection in Summerland is one of the largest in the world, with a total of 350 isolates of 160 different viruses, inventoried and itemized in a database. While control of viruses as a threat to crop production continues to be the priority, the characterization, conservation and identification of viruses provide essential biodiversity support needed to develop control strategies.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Christiane Deslauriers, Science Director
Crops and Livestock Research Centre
P.O. Box 1210
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
C1A 7M8
Tel: (902) 566-6800
Fax: (902) 566-6821
e-mail: deslauriersc@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/charlottetown/index_e.htm
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Plant genetic resources are only a click away
The Germplasm Resources Information Network-Canada (GRIN-CA) is now available on the Internet through www.agr.gc.ca/pgrc-rpc/. GRIN-CA is one of the most sophisticated documentation systems in the world and it significantly enhances the delivery of relevant plant genetic resource information to clients.
GRIN-CA was created to manage all the information generated in the Canadian plant germplasm network. The database management system was obtained from the National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)) and cooperation on database developments continue. Having GRIN in Canada puts all of North America on a common database management system, making it much easier to share genetic resources and cooperate on other plant studies.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Christiane Deslauriers, Science Director
Crops and Livestock Research Centre
P.O. Box 1210
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
C1A 7M8
Tel: (902) 566-6800
Fax: (902) 566-6821
e-mail: deslauriersc@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/charlottetown/index_e.htm
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Canada leads the way in plant genetic resource conservation
Canada has demonstrated its lead and support to preserve the national and international genetic diversity of crop plants by signing the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) in June, 2002. The treaty contributes to Canada's goals for sustainable development, meeting the need to breed innovative crop varieties to support food security, while conserving genetic resources for future generations.
The treaty recognizes that stewardship of plant genetic resources is important to the creation of new crop varieties, environmental health, food security, economic growth and innovation. In addition, signatory countries will cooperate in sharing the burden of costly conservation activities, leading to the preservation of more crop genetic diversity and fighting genetic erosion.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Christiane Deslauriers, Science Director
Crops and Livestock Research Centre
P.O. Box 1210
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
C1A 7M8
Tel: (902) 566-6800
Fax: (902) 566-6821
e-mail: deslauriersc@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/charlottetown/index_e.htm
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Bee biodiversity benefits wild blueberry production
Scientists in Atlantic Canada are investigating how landscape structure affects the abundance and diversity of indigenous bees within wild blueberry agro-ecosystems. The goal is to enhance indigenous bee pollinators by incorporating favourable landscape attributes into lowbush blueberry agro-ecosystems.
Beefing up the bee community could contribute substantially to a reduction of chronic pollination deficits associated with this crop. Furthermore, when properly managed, this agro-ecosystem accommodates a species-rich indigenous bee fauna not involved in blueberry pollination and thus contributes to conservation of bee biodiversity on a much broader scale.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Christiane Deslauriers, Science Director
Crops and Livestock Research Centre
P.O. Box 1210
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
C1A 7M8
Tel: (902) 566-6800
Fax: (902) 566-6821
e-mail: deslauriersc@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/charlottetown/index_e.htm
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New findings on insect biodiversity
Studies on insect biodiversity in Atlantic Canada discovered a previously unknown grasshopper that resides only on the Magdalen Islands, located 90 km north of Prince Edward Island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Melanoplus madeleinae (Vickery & Kevan) is not found elsewhere in the Canadian Maritimes.
These small islands have a unique, rich fauna and are an ideal location to trace the evolution of insect species of relevance to the temperate areas of Canada, including Canadian agriculture. These biological findings, correlated with geological evidence, suggest that these insects came to the Islands soon after glaciers melted, when sea levels were much lower than at present. The new insect species confirms the need for conservation efforts to preserve the Islands' rare ecosystem.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Christiane Deslauriers, Science Director
Crops and Livestock Research Centre
P.O. Box 1210
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
C1A 7M8
Tel: (902) 566-6800
Fax: (902) 566-6821
e-mail: deslauriersc@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/charlottetown/index_e.htm
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Building the biodiversity information layer
In the spring of 2002, scientists launched Biological Observations, Specimens and Collections (BiOSC), a prototype information gateway which provides access to millions of biological records worldwide. The BiOSC gateway (http://sis.agr.gc.ca/biosc) is the world's first search and map engine dedicated to accessing specimen and observational records available on the Internet via distributed queries.
It obtains records from across several biodiversity networks such as The Species Analyst (TSA), the World Information Network on Biodiversity (REMIB) and the European Natural History Specimen Network (ENHSIN). Rapid access to global biodiversity information is critical for pest risk assessment, environmental policy and impact assessment, development of new agricultural commodities, and preservation of wildlife habitat and species at risk.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Christiane Deslauriers, Science Director
Crops and Livestock Research Centre
P.O. Box 1210
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
C1A 7M8
Tel: (902) 566-6800
Fax: (902) 566-6821
e-mail: deslauriersc@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/charlottetown/index_e.htm
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SSD Slurry Manure Applicator reduces ammonia emissions
Since their commercial launch in 2001, Sub-Soil Deposition (SSD) Slurry Manure Applicators have put over a billion litres of livestock manure on agricultural land, conserving many tons of ammonia while controlling offensive odours. The applicator allows producers to effectively replace fertilizer with manure as the prime nutrient source, particularly on grassland and minimum-till crop land.
This original system for sub-soil deposition of dairy and hog slurry, well suited to North American conditions, was developed by a team of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada researchers in Agassiz, British Columbia, with industry manufacturing and marketing know-how from Holland Equipment Ltd. Winner of the prestigious AE50 Outstanding Innovation Award from the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, the SSD Slurry Manure Applicator is manufactured in Canada and marketed all over North America. The researchers have shown that the applicator increases crop yield, reduces ammonia emission, reduces odour, improves uniformity of application, and widens the window for application compared with the conventional splash-plate applicator.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Richard Butts, Science Director
Potato Research Centre
850 Lincoln Road
P.O. Box 20280
Fredericton, New Brunswick
E3B 4Z7
Tel: (506) 452-3260
Fax: (506) 452-3316
e-mail: butts@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/fredericton/index_e.htm
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Natural soil fungi can help flax growers
Flax growers in western Canada should be able to take advantage of naturally occurring soil fungi to get nutrients to their crops. Work done by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada researchers in Brandon, Manitoba, is shedding new light on the role mycorrhizae play in transporting phosphorus from the soil to the plant. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi form mutually beneficial associations with wheat and other host crops, bringing water and nutrients to the plant in exchange for a food supply.
While flax needs phosphorus early in the season, it often doesn't use phosphorus fertilizer effectively. To improve phosphorus uptake in flax, researchers had better results by encouraging mycorrhizal associations than by applying phosphorus fertilizer. Their findings show producers can increase mycorrhizal associations when they use zero tillage and grow flax after wheat rather than canola, a crop that doesn't support these fungi.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Richard Butts, Science Director
Potato Research Centre
850 Lincoln Road
P.O. Box 20280
Fredericton, New Brunswick
E3B 4Z7
Tel: (506) 452-3260
Fax: (506) 452-3316
e-mail: butts@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/fredericton/index_e.htm
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Organic soil amendments reduce crop diseases
Organic soil amendments will soon have a new use for producers of field-grown tomatoes, potatoes and other high-value vegetable crops. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada researchers in London, Ontario, have shown that fish and bone meal, byproducts of the pulp and paper industry, and liquid swine manure can significantly reduce populations of disease pests. They are effective against the soil-borne fungus causing verticillium wilt, or early dying, and can also control other diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and nematodes.
Since crop rotations do little to hinder the buildup of verticillium levels in the soil, researchers looked for alternative strategies to combat this pest. They discovered that organic soil amendments can kill the microsclerotia, or resting bodies, of verticillium by producing compounds that are toxic only to the pathogens, and not to other soil microorganisms. Understanding how organic amendments affect soil-borne pathogens will lead to the development of formulated products that are more effective, as well as a more environmentally friendly method for controlling crop diseases.
For further information, contact:
Dr. Richard Butts, Science Director
Potato Research Centre
850 Lincoln Road
P.O. Box 20280
Fredericton, New Brunswick
E3B 4Z7
Tel: (506) 452-3260
Fax: (506) 452-3316
e-mail: butts@agr.gc.ca
WWW: http://res2.agr.ca/fredericton/index_e.htm
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Date Modified: 2002 11 15 |